Unexpectedly mature early galaxies are forcing cosmologists to reconsider the age and structure of the universe. Alternative models now connect those galaxies to changing physical rules, while new spacetime work shows that even time's direction may be less straightforward than assumed.
Source mix
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Early galaxies look mature
JWST observations place unexpectedly developed galaxies deep inside the accepted early-universe timeline.
Alternative ages gain ground
CCC+TL uses galaxy rotation curves and changing constants to describe a universe nearly twice as old as standard cosmology allows.
Invisible matter is questioned
A proposed instrument could weigh faint galaxies through a few star clusters, testing whether dark matter behaves as expected.
Time may not run one way
A null-gradient condition rules out some closed time loops while leaving stranger spacetime pathways open in certain models.